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视障患者的医院导航Accessible hospital navigation个人独立概念Independent concept

智能盲道Intelligent Blind Path

为视障患者设计的医院导航：触觉地面与手腕提示Hospital navigation for visually impaired patients: tactile floor and wrist cues

结合触觉地面模块、手腕提示与医院服务协调的就医导航概念。A hospital wayfinding concept combining tactile floor modules, wrist cues and service coordination.

Tactile floor tile concept with raised dots, side profiles and enlarged corner details on a pale background.
我的角色My role
研究、服务设计与实体原型Research, service design & physical prototyping
关注点Focus
空间交互 · 无障碍Spatial interaction · accessibility
项目时间Project date
2025 年 6 月June 2025
问题定义The question

如何让一段完整的就医路线，不依赖视觉也能被感知？How might a whole hospital route be perceivable without sight?

视障患者要连续完成挂号、候诊、检查与取药，复杂的空间和中断的盲道带来迷路、依赖他人等痛点。项目源于 2025 年 3 月的一次就医经历。Visually impaired patients move through registration, waiting, examination and pickup; complex layouts and broken tactile paving lead to getting lost and relying on others. The project began with a hospital visit in March 2025.

  1. 关键取舍 01Key decision 01

    为什么用「地面 + 手腕」两种提示，而不是手机导航 App？Why floor and wrist cues, rather than a phone navigation app?

    手机导航要一只手拿设备、一直听语音，而很多人还拿着盲杖；大厅噪声也会盖过语音。于是分工：地面提供连续引导，手腕只在转向和到达时提示，语音负责说明下一步。Phone navigation needs a hand and constant listening while many also hold a cane, and hall noise masks speech. So the channels divide the work: the floor guides continuously, the wrist cues only at turns and arrivals, and voice explains the next step.

    代价Trade-off需要铺设地面模块，部署成本远高于纯软件方案。Floor modules must be installed—a far heavier deployment than software alone.

  2. 关键取舍 02Key decision 02

    为什么把它当作服务流程，而不只是一条路线？Why design a service journey, not just a route?

    难点在环节之间：挂号后去哪里候诊，检查后去哪里取药。用用户旅程和服务蓝图，把领取腕带、无障碍挂号、候诊提示和路线引导连成一个流程。The difficulty sits between steps—where to wait after registering, where to go after an examination. A journey map and service blueprint join wristband pickup, accessible registration, waiting alerts and route guidance into one flow.

    代价Trade-off依赖医院配合，定位失效时要靠人工协助兜底。It depends on the hospital, with staff help as the fallback when positioning fails.

01 / 背景Context

视障患者在医院里找路的困难Finding the way through a hospital without sight

A busy multi-level hospital atrium with escalators, waiting areas and crossing routes.
02 / 用户研究Research

桌面研究、问卷与访谈：​视障患者就医时遇到的障碍Desk research, a questionnaire and interviews: the barriers patients meet in hospital

桌面研究 · 武汉协和医院的一项调查Desk research · a survey at Wuhan Union Hospital

中国拥有世界上规模最大的盲道网络，​但视障者对它的信任度很低China has the world’s most extensive tactile paving network, yet blind people trust it little

30%愿意只靠盲道独立出行would rely on tactile paving alone to travel independently70%更愿意同时使用盲杖或请人协助prefer to combine it with a white cane or help from others30%愿意只靠盲道独立出行would rely on tactile paving alone totravel independently70%更愿意同时使用盲杖或请人协助prefer to combine it with a white caneor help from others
问卷 · 就医时遇到的障碍Questionnaire · barriers met in hospital
  1. 医院布局复杂，障碍物随时出现Complex layouts, and obstacles that keep moving
  2. 看不到指示牌，也用不了自助设备Signs and self-service machines that cannot be read
  3. 医护人员缺少培训，口头指引不清楚Staff without training or clear verbal directions
  4. 医院内外缺少无障碍设施Few accessible facilities in and around the hospital
  5. 没有语音导航，也没有触觉反馈No voice navigation or tactile feedback
访谈Interviews
受访者 A · 31 岁 · 全盲Interviewee A · 31 · totally blind
“我想自己找到要去的科室，而不是总要有人领着。”“I want to find the right department on my own, without always needing someone to guide me.”
“医院太吵了。找不到路的时候，我会慌，也很无助。”“The hospital is so noisy. When I can’t find my way, I feel panicked and helpless.”
受访者 B · 25 岁 · 全盲Interviewee B · 25 · totally blind
“如果挂号机和叫号系统有语音提示，我可以自己操作。”“If registration machines and call systems had voice prompts, I could manage them myself.”
“我怕撞到东西，也怕走错路。安全是我最担心的。”“I’m afraid of bumping into things or going the wrong way. Safety is my biggest concern.”
共同需求Shared needs
  • 独立导航Independent navigation
  • 清晰引导Clear guidance
  • 安全保障Safety
  • 无障碍技术Accessible technology
  • 被理解Being understood
  • 流程简化Simpler steps
03 / 就医旅程Journey

从到院到离院：​四个阶段的痛点与机会From arrival to departure: pain points and opportunities at four stages

用户画像33 岁 · 视力障碍Persona33 · visual impairment01到达医院Arrival02挂号与候诊Registration & waiting03就诊与检查Consultation & examination04取药与离院Medication & departure
情绪Mood
触点Touchpoints
盲道 · 医院标识 · 工作人员Tactile paving · signage · staff
盲道 · 服务台 · 自助挂号机 · 候诊区Tactile paving · information desk · kiosk · waiting area
医生 · 护士 · 检查设备 · 盲道Doctor · nurse · testing equipment · tactile paving
盲道 · 药房窗口 · 药品包装 · 出口Tactile paving · pharmacy · packaging · exit
想法Thinking
  • “盲道从哪里开始？”“Where does the tactile paving start?”
  • “有没有能跟着走的路？”“Is there a path I can follow?”
  • “我能用这台机器吗？”“Can I use this machine?”
  • “叫到我的号时，我听得见吗？”“Will I hear my number when it’s called?”
  • “医生能理解我的需要吗？”“Will the doctor understand my needs?”
  • “怎么沿盲道找到下一个检查室？”“How do I follow the path to the next room?”
  • “我怎么分清哪盒是哪种药？”“Which medicine is which?”
  • “出口是这个方向吗？”“Is the exit this way?”
痛点Pain points
  • 入口没有盲道，或盲道被占用No tactile paving at the entrance, or it is blocked
  • 没有语音提示，也没人主动帮忙No voice prompts; no one offers help
  • 自助机屏幕看不见，按键没有触感Unreadable screens; buttons give no tactile feedback
  • 叫号系统没有语音播报The queue system has no voice announcements
  • 医生可能没意识到患者看不见，解释不够细Doctors may not realise the patient cannot see
  • 检查室位置复杂，缺少指引Examination rooms are hard to find; no directions
  • 药品包装没有盲文，口头说明容易忘No Braille on packaging; verbal instructions are forgotten
  • 出口方向不清楚，容易迷路The way out is unclear; easy to get lost
机会Opportunities
  • 连续的盲道，配合语音提示Continuous tactile paving with voice prompts
  • 培训保安或志愿者协助Guards or volunteers trained to assist
  • 带盲文按键或语音引导的自助机Kiosks with Braille keys or voice guidance
  • 候诊区的个人语音叫号Personal voice calls in the waiting area
  • 铺设盲道，并配合语音Tactile paving with voice along the way
  • 通往检查室的路线导航Route guidance to examination rooms
  • 盲文或二维码用药说明Medication instructions in Braille or by QR code
  • 出口处的语音提示与人工协助Audio cues and staff help at the exit
04 / 现有方案Existing solutions

三种现有导盲方式的优点与局限Three existing guidance solutions: strengths and limits

传统盲道Tactile paving

优点Strengths
  • 直观，容易感知Intuitive and easy to perceive
  • 成本低，容易铺设Low cost, easy to install
  • 标准化Standardised
局限Limits
  • 信息有限Carries little information
  • 容易被占用或损坏Easily blocked or damaged
  • 适应性不足Cannot adapt

RFID 盲道RFID tactile paving

优点Strengths
  • 非接触读取Contactless reading
  • 信息容量大Stores rich information
  • 实时、精确定位Real-time, precise positioning
局限Limits
  • 初期部署成本高High initial cost
  • 读取距离有限Short reading range
  • 维护和更新困难Hard to maintain and update

NaviLens 语音码NaviLens

优点Strengths
  • 不依赖 GPS 导航Navigation without GPS
  • 远距离快速识读Fast reading from a distance
  • 信息丰富Rich information
局限Limits
  • 依赖专用标签Depends on dedicated markers
  • 对使用者技术要求高Demanding for users
  • 嘈杂环境中受限Limited in noisy places
05 / 服务蓝图Blueprint

五个就医环节背后的前台、后台与支持系统What sits behind five steps of a visit: onstage, backstage and support

顾客旅程Patient journey
  • 领取智能手环Collect the smart bracelet
  • 前往自助挂号机Walk to the registration kiosk
  • 按语音提示自助挂号Register by voice prompts
  • 等待叫号Wait for the call
  • 口述病情，听医生详细说明Describe the condition; hear a detailed explanation
  • 前往指定地点检查Go to the examination room
  • 领取检查报告Collect the report
  • 按语音指引去药房Follow voice directions to the pharmacy
  • 沿盲道离开医院Follow the path out
前台Onstage
智能盲道Intelligent Blind Path
  • 触觉标识牌Tactile sign board
智能盲道Intelligent Blind Path
  • 语音叫号Voice queue calling
  • 盲文票据Braille receipts
智能盲道Intelligent Blind Path
  • 语音导航Voice navigation
  • 无障碍检查清单Accessibility checklist
智能盲道Intelligent Blind Path
  • 引导核对Guidance check
  • 报告打印机Report printer
智能盲道Intelligent Blind Path
  • 用药说明Medication instructions
  • 出口坡道Exit ramps
后台Backstage
  • 盲道维护系统Path maintenance system
  • 设施管理团队Facilities team
  • 挂号机语音提示Kiosk voice prompts
  • 触觉盲文按键Tactile Braille keys
  • 系统序号Queue numbering
  • 导航动态调整Live route adjustment
  • 医护培训Staff training
  • 信息联动系统Linked information
  • 生成检查报告Report generation
  • 导航系统Navigation system
  • 调取用药信息Medication records
  • 语音导航维护Voice navigation upkeep
支持系统Support
  • 医院监控网络Hospital monitoring network
  • 监测与定位系统Positioning system
  • 盲文按键模块Braille key module
  • 实时数据同步接口Real-time data sync
  • 医院监控系统Hospital monitoring
  • 医院服务平台Hospital service platform
  • 数据同步网络Data sync network
  • 室内定位技术Indoor positioning
  • 药房信息系统Pharmacy information system
06 / 地砖模块Tile system

触觉地砖的层次与部件Layers and parts of the tactile tile

Exploded concept line study of a tactile warning tile: raised dots, a ribbed underside, and schematic power, sensing, communication and vibration components.
07 / 系统关系System

地面模块、路线协调与手腕提示Floor modules, route coordination and wrist cues

White line system diagram connects a tactile floor module, hospital route coordination and a wrist-worn cue through proposed information links.
08 / 提示语言Cue language

手腕上的四类提示：左转、右转、前行与警告Four wrist cues: left, right, continue and warning

Technical exterior line drawing of the wearable cue mockup with left, right, continue and warning symbols.

走到科室 · 手腕上的四类提示To a department · four wrist cues

阈值Threshold入口Entrance科室Department
前行Continue持续振动Continuous vibration
  • 左转Turn left
  • 右转Turn right
  • 前行Continue
  • 警告Warning
振动与灯光Vibration and light
  1. 左转Turn left左侧振动Vibration on the left side
  2. 右转Turn right右侧振动Vibration on the right side
  3. 前行Continue持续振动Continuous vibration
  4. 警告Warning前方障碍，振动提醒Vibration alert for an obstacle ahead
  5. 紧急疏散EvacuationLED 闪烁，指示疏散路线LEDs flash along the escape route
09 / 模型开发Model

部件布置、检修方式与实体搭建Component layout, service access and the physical build

部件布置Component arrangement

White-background schematic of the ribbed tile underside with two generic enclosures, leads and a connector, redrawn from the original model study.
A
外壳盒体Enclosures
B
导线Leads
C
连接件Connector

装配与检修Assembly access

White-background proposed assembly-access study separates the tactile surface and a schematic underside access outline, aligned by dashed construction guides.
A
触觉表面Tactile surface
B
底部检修口Underside access
实体搭建Physical build
  1. Fitting motors, sensors and wiring onto the yellow tactile tile in the workshop.
    01组装Assembly

    电机 3V、红外 5V、通信 3.3V：电压不统一，装配复杂，运行不稳定Motor 3 V, infrared sensor 5 V, communication 3.3 V: mixed voltages make assembly complex and operation unstable.

  2. A laptop running the vibration control code beside the wired tile.
    02编程调试Programming

    Wi-Fi 干扰与湿滑地面会削弱红外和通信模块Wi-Fi interference and slippery floors can weaken the infrared and communication modules.

  3. A foot stepping onto the prototype tile on the workshop floor.
    03踩踏测试Stepping test

    固定的路径模板难以适应不断变化的医院A fixed path template struggles with a hospital that keeps changing.

10 / 测试与迭代Tests

三项初步测试，​以及据此修订的振动与地面规则Three preliminary tests, and the vibration and surface rules they changed

Test 01

铺设地砖，连接设备Lay the tiles and connect the parts

Top-down view of the tester laying a grey tactile path with a yellow warning tile.
铺设盲道Laying the path
Motors, battery boxes, a sensor and wiring laid out on the yellow tile.
地砖上的部件Parts on the tile
连接的部件Connected
  • 振动电机 ×3（两小一大）Vibration motors ×3 (two small, one large)
  • 红外测距传感器Infrared distance sensor
  • 锂电池Lithium-ion battery
  • 低功耗蓝牙模块Bluetooth Low Energy module
Test 02

转向提示Turn cue

The tester walking along the tactile path in a hall, seen from behind.
01沿盲道行走Walk the path
The tester stopping where the path branches.
02到达转弯处Reach the turn
Close-up of the bracelet on the tester’s wrist.
03手环振动提示Bracelet vibrates
The tester facing along the new branch of the path.
04转向Change direction
Test 03

偏离路线Leaving the path

A foot stepping off the edge of the tactile path.
偏离盲道A step off the path
Close-up of a wristband giving a strong vibration.
手环强振动Strong vibration
系统响应System response
  1. 系统检测到位置偏离路线超过阈值The system detects the position has left the path beyond a threshold
  2. 手环警示振动，并语音提示回到盲道Warning vibration, and a voice prompt to return to the path
  3. 附近盲道模块引导回主路，或重新规划路线Nearby path modules guide back to the main route, or it is re-planned
Findings

测试发现What the tests showed

  1. 长时间行走时，硬而高的纹理让脚底不适Hard, raised textures tire the soles on longer walks
  2. 人流密集处，感知容易被干扰，引导效果变差In crowds, perception is overwhelmed and guidance suffers
  3. 转角和 CT 室铁门附近，条形纹理不够直观，容易走偏At corners and near the CT room’s iron door, the strip texture is not clear enough to stay on course
Rules

规则修订Revised rules

项目Item修订前Before修订后After
日常振动Everyday vibration200Hz200 Hz0.1–0.2g 轻脉冲Mild pulse, 0.1–0.2 g
紧急振动Emergency vibration150Hz150 Hz三次短脉冲，间隔 0.5 秒Three short pulses, 0.5 s apart
振动模块Vibration modules振感不均Uneven feel每 50cm 均匀嵌入Embedded every 50 cm
盲道表面Path surface偏硬Too hard0.5mm 弹性硅胶涂层0.5 mm elastic silicone coating
条形导向纹理Directional strips偏高Too high高 3–4mm，点状警示纹理保留 5mm3–4 mm high; 5 mm warning dots kept
与主通道衔接Joining the main walkway容易绊倒Tripping risk1–2cm 斜坡过渡（主通道宽 2–3m）1–2 cm slope to the 2–3 m walkway
11 / 设计产出Outcomes

就医路径、地砖模块、手腕提示、模型与测试Route, floor module, wrist cues, model and tests

  1. 连续的就医路径A continuous hospital route

    挂号 → 候诊 → 检查 → 取药Registration → waiting → examination → pharmacy

  2. 触觉地砖模块Tactile floor module

    触觉表面 · 加强筋底板 · 部件组Tactile surface · ribbed base · component groups

  3. 手腕提示语言Wrist cue language

    • 左转Turn left
    • 右转Turn right
    • 前行Continue
    • 警告Warning

  4. 实体模型与测试Physical model & tests

    实体搭建 · 三项初步测试 · 修订振动与地面规则Physical build · three preliminary tests · revised vibration and surface rules